Amiga 500 Kickstart Rom 3.1

An Amiga 500 computer system, with 1084S RGB monitor and second A1010 floppy disk drive Type Release date April 1987 (), October 1987 () Introductory price US$699, 499 (1987) US$1,500 (2017 equivalent) Discontinued 1991 ( 1991) Media 880 floppy disks v1.2 – 1.3 @ 7.16 MHz () 7.09 MHz () Memory 512 150 ns (9 maximum ) Graphics 736×567i 4-bpp PAL (736×483i 4 bpp NTSC), 368×567i 6 bpp PAL (368×483i 6 bpp NTSC) Sound 4× 8-bit channels at max. 28 with 6-bit volume in stereo Predecessor Successor The Amiga 500, also known as the A500, is the first low-end / home/. It was announced at the winter in January 1987 – at the same time as the high-end – and competed directly against the. Before Amiga 500 was shipped, Commodore suggested that the list price of the Amiga 500 was 595.95 without a monitor. At delivery in October 1987, Commodore announced that the Amiga 500 would carry a US$699/£499 list price. In Europe, the Amiga 500 was released in May 1987.

[ ] In the Netherlands, the A500 was available from April 1987 for a list price of 1499 (US$730 in 1987). Simutech Troubleshooting Keygen. The Amiga 500 represents a return to Commodore's roots by being sold in the same mass retail outlets as the – to which it was a spiritual successor – as opposed to the computer-store-only, as well as being another computer whose keyboard is included just above in the same case.

The original Amiga 500 proved to be Commodore’s best-selling Amiga model, enjoying particular success in Europe. Although popular with hobbyists, arguably its most widespread use was as a gaming machine, where its advanced graphics and sound were of significant benefit. It has been claimed that over 6 million A500s were sold worldwide, [ ] however, according to Commodore UK, the entire sales of all Amigas in both Europe and the USA were 4-5 million. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • Releases [ ] In October 1989, the Amiga 500 dropped its price from 499 to £399 and was bundled with the Batman Pack in the United Kingdom. In late 1991, an enhanced model known as the replaced the original 500 in some markets; it was bundled with the Cartoon Classics pack in the United Kingdom at £399, although many stores still advertised it as an 'A500'.

The Amiga 500 series was discontinued in June 1992 and replaced by the similarly specified and priced, although this new machine had originally been intended as a much cheaper model, which would have been the A300. In late 1992, Commodore released the “next-generation”, a machine closer in concept to the original Amiga 500, but featuring significant technical improvements. Despite this, neither the A1200 nor the A600 replicated the commercial success of its predecessor, as by this time, the popular market was definitively shifting from the platforms of the past to commodity and the new 'low-cost', and models. Description [ ] Outwardly resembling the and codenamed ' during development, the Amiga 500 houses the keyboard and CPU in one shell, unlike the. It utilizes a Motorola 68000 microprocessor running at 7.15909 (NTSC) or 7.09379 MHz (PAL). The CPU implements a 32-bit model, has 32-bit registers and 32-bit internal data bus, but it has a 16-bit main, uses a 16-bit external data bus and 24-bit address bus, providing a maximum of 16 MB of.

The earliest Amiga 500 models use nearly the same as the Amiga 1000. So graphics can be displayed in multiple resolutions and color depths, even on the same screen.

Kickstart is the bootstrap firmware of the Amiga computers developed by Commodore. Most Amiga models were shipped with the Kickstart firmware stored on ROM chips. Hi, I'm trying to upgrade my Amiga 500 revision 5 board to Kickstart 3.1. I have the chip, and have attempted to do the modification for 512k ROMs (pin 1 ->31, pin 31 ->21) and the system just shows a blank screen when powered on (no keyboard lights either). System is fine as it boots normally when my.

Resolutions vary from 320×200 (up to 32 colors) to 640×200 (up to 16 colors) for NTSC (704×484 overscan) and 320×256 to 640×256 for PAL (704×576 overscan.) The system uses graphics, with up to five bitplanes (four in high resolution) allowing 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-color screens, from a palette of 4096 colors. Two special graphics modes are also available: Extra HalfBrite, which uses a 6th bitplane as a mask to cut the brightness of any pixel in half (resulting in 32 arbitrary colors plus 32 more colors set at half the value of the first 32), and (HAM) which allows all 4096 colors to be used on screen simultaneously. Later revisions of the chipset are / switchable in software. The sound chip produces four hardware-mixed channels, two to the left and two to the right, of 8-bit PCM at a sampling frequency of up to 28 kHz. Each hardware channel has its own independent volume level and sampling rate, and can be designated to another channel where it can modulate both volume and frequency using its own output.

With disabled it's possible to output with a sampling frequency up to 56 kHz. There's a common trick to that can be combined to output 14-bit 56 kHz sound.

The stock system comes with version 1.2 or 1.3 and 512 KiB of (150 ns access time), one built-in double-density that is completely programmable and can read 720 KiB disks, 880 KiB standard Amiga disks, and up to 984 KiB using custom-formatting drivers. Despite the lack of, there are many ports and expansion options. There are two for or, stereo audio ( 1 V ). There is a floppy drive port for daisy-chaining up to three extra floppy disk drives via an DB23F connector. The then-standard serial port (DB25M) and (DB25F) are also included. The power supply is ( +5V, +/-12V). The system displays video in analog 50 PAL or 60 Hz NTSC through a proprietary DB23M connector and in NTSC mode the line frequency is 15,750 Hz for standard video modes, which is compatible with NTSC television and CVBS/RGB video, but out of range for most -compatible monitors, while a is required for some of the higher resolutions.

This connection can also be to an external video signal. The system was bundled with an to provide output on with a coaxial RF input, while monochrome is available via an (also coaxial). There is also a Zorro bus expansion on the left side (behind a plastic cover). Peripherals such as a hard disk drive can be added via the expansion slot and are configured automatically by the Amiga's standard, so that multiple devices do not conflict with each other.

Up to 8 MB of “fast RAM' can be added using the side expansion slot. This connector is electronically identical with the Amiga 1000's, but swapped on the other side. The Amiga 500 has a 'trap-door' slot on the underside for an upgrade of 512 KiB of RAM. This extra RAM is classified as 'fast' RAM, but is sometimes referred to as 'slow' RAM: due to the design of the expansion bus, it is actually on the chipset bus. Such upgrades usually include a battery-backed. All versions of the A500 can have the additional RAM configured as chip RAM by a simple hardware modification, which involves fitting a later model (8372A) chip.

Likewise, all versions of the A500 can be upgraded to 2 MB chip RAM by fitting the 8372B Agnus chip and adding additional memory. The Amiga 500 also sports an unusual feature for a budget machine, socketed chips, which allow easy replacement of defective chips. The CPU can be directly upgraded on the motherboard to a; or to a,, or via the side expansion slot; or by removing the CPU and plugging a CPU expansion card into the CPU socket (though this will require opening the computer and voiding any remaining warranty). In fact, all the custom chips can be upgraded to the (ECS) versions.

The case is made from plastics which may become brown with time. This may be reversed by using the public-domain chemical mix ', though without a clearcoat to block oxygen, the brown colouring will return. Whenever the computer is powered on a self-diagnostic test is run that will show any failure with a specific colour where medium green means no chip RAM found or is damaged, red means bad -, yellow means the has crashed (no trap routine or trying to run bad code) or a bad. Blue means custom chip problem (,, or ), light green means problem. Stopping on light gray means that the CIA might be defective.

Black and white stripes mean there is a ROM or problem, while black only (no video) means there is no video output. The keyboard uses blink codes: one blink means the keyboard ROM has a checksum error, two blinks means RAM failure, three blinks means watchdog timer failure. Using key and getting a response means and the CPU works. There is no guarantee that every blinking state or color is accurate.

Remember when the diagnostic codes are triggered it means the computer has some kind of fault and it can easily mis-interpret the fault and give false readings. For example, if the screen flashes green it can mean the Agnus is bad, the Agnus socket is bad, the logic connected to the Agnus is bad, the logic connected to the CPU is bad, the logic connected to the RAM is bad, a connection between CPU and/or logic and/or Agnus and/or Chip RAM is bad and/or some/all of the chip RAM is faulty etc. Many of the issues with Amigas are caused by damage from corrosion or poor repair skills, especially the A500+ which has a Ni-Cad battery fitted and is always corroded if the battery has not been removed. Likewise a corroded battery on an A501 can cause faults on the A500 motherboard if the corrosion is very bad and has spread to the motherboard. The self-test chip RAM check is very brief and simplistic and all the other tests are minimalistic to minimize the start-up time (as documented in the Amiga Hardware Manual and many other official Commodore technical documents) so there is no guarantee that any of the diagnostic colours are 100% accurate.

Technical specifications [ ]. The standard Amiga 500 requires floppies to boot • (1.2 & 1.3 models) or (1.3 and 500+ 2.04 models) chipset. ECS revisions of the chipset made / mode switchable in software. Hazelton Bros Piano Serial Number. • Graphics can be of arbitrary dimensions, resolution and colour depth, even on the same screen. • Without using overscan, the graphics can be 320 or 640 pixels wide by 200/256 or 400/512 pixels tall. • graphics are used, with up to 5 bitplanes (4 in hires); this allowed 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 colour screens, from a palette of 4096 colours. Two special graphics modes were also included: Extra HalfBrite, which used a 6th bitplane as a mask that halved the brightness of any colour seen, and (HAM), which allowed all 4096 colours on screen at once.

• developed the so-called Sliced HAM or SHAM mode, which was based on HAM mode, but used the (part of the Agnus chip which could change hardware registers at given screen positions) to reprogram the color palette registers at each scanline. The advantage of SHM files was the ability to display all 4096 colors while eliminating the color blur of HAM compression. • Sound is 4 hardware-mixed channels of 8-bit sound at up to 28 kHz. The hardware channels have independent volumes (65 levels) and sampling rates, and are mixed down to two fully left and fully right stereo outputs. A software controllable low-pass audio filter is also included. • 512 KB of chip RAM (150 ns access time).

• 1.2 or 1.3 • One double-density is built in, which is completely programmable and thus can read 720 KiB disks, 880 KiB standard Amiga disks, and up to 984 KiB with custom formatting (such as Klaus Deppich’s ). Uses 300 rpm (5 rotations/second) and 250 kbit/s. • Built in keyboard. • A two-button mouse is included.

Graphics [ ] • mode: 320×256, 640×256, 640×512 (), 704×576 in overscan. • mode: 320×200, 640×200, 640×400 (interlaced), 704×484 in overscan. The Amiga could show multiple resolution modes at the same time, splitting the screen vertically. An additional mode called (HAM) makes it possible to utilize 12 bpp over a 3 wide span.

This works by letting each pixel position use the previous RGB value and modify one of the red, green or blue values to a new 4-bit value. This will cause some negligible colour artifacts however. Connectors [ ]. The Amiga 520 adapter allowed for an output, to be connected to a TV • Two for or • Stereo audio ( 1 V ) • A floppy drive port (DB23F), for daisy-chaining up to 3 extra floppy disk drives via an connector • A standard serial port (DB25M) • A (DB25F) • Power inlet ( +5 V, +/-12 V) • Analogue 50 PAL and 60 Hz NTSC video output, provided on an Amiga-specific M. Can drive video with 15,750 Hz for standard Amiga video modes.

This is not compatible with most monitors. A is required for some higher resolutions. This connection can also be to an external video signal. An (A520) was frequently bundled with the machine to provide output on regular or on monitors. A digital 16 colour Red-Green-Blue-Intensity signal is available too on the same connector. • Monochrome video via an • bus expansion on the left side behind a plastic cover • Trapdoor slot under the machine, for RAM expansion and Expansions [ ] • Expansion ports are limited to a side expansion port and a trapdoor expansion on the underside of the machine.

The casing can also be opened up (voiding the warranty), all larger chips are socketed rather than being / soldered directly to the motherboard, so they can be replaced by hand. • The CPU can be upgraded to a Motorola 68010 directly or to a 68020, 68030 or 68040 via the side expansion slot or a CPU socket adapter board. • The chip RAM can be upgraded to 1 MB directly on the motherboard, provided a chip is also installed to support it. • Likewise, all the custom chips can be upgraded to the chipset. • The A500+ model instead allowed upgrading by 1 MB trapdoor chip RAM without clock, but there was no visible means on board to map any of this as FAST, causing incompatibility with some stubbornly coded programs.

• There were modification instructions available for the A500 to solder or socket another 512 RAM on the board, then run extra address lines to the trapdoor slot to accommodate an additional 1 MB of fast or chip RAM depending on the installed chipset. • Up to 8 MB of “fast RAM” can be added via the side expansion slot, even more if an with a non-EC (without reduced data/address bus) processor and 32-bit RAM is used. • Hard drive and other peripherals can be added via the side expansion slot.

• Several companies provided combined CPU, memory and hard drive upgrades – or provided chainable expansions that extended the bus as they were added – as there is only one side expansion slot. • Expansions are configured automatically by software, so multiple pieces of hardware did not conflict with each other. Memory map [ ] Address Size in KB Description 0x0000 0000 256.0 Chip RAM 0x0004 0000 256.0 Chip RAM ( option card) 0x0008 0000 512.0 Chip RAM expansion 0x0010 0000 1024.0 Extended Chip RAM for /. 0x0020 0000 8192.0 Primary auto-config space (Fast RAM) 0x00A0 0000 1984.0 Reserved 0x00BF D000 3.8 (even-byte addresses) 0x00BF E001 3.8 8520-A (odd-byte addresses) 0x00C0 0000 1536.0 Internal expansion memory (pseudo-fast, 'slow' RAM on Amiga 500) 0x00D8 0000 256.0 Reserved 0x00DC 0000 64.0 0x00DD 0000 188.0 Reserved 0x00DF F000 4.0 Custom chip registers 0x00E0 0000 512.0 Reserved 0x00E8 0000 64.0 auto-config space (before relocation) 0x00E9 0000 448.0 Secondary auto-config space (usually 64K I/O boards) 0x00F0 0000 512.0 512K System ROM (reserved for extended ROM image e.g. CDTV or CD³²) 0x00F8 0000 256.0 256K System ROM ( 2.04 or higher) 0x00FC 0000 256.0 256K System ROM Trap-door expansion 501 [ ].

An A501 compatible expansion A popular expansion for the Amiga 500 was the Amiga 501 circuit board that can be installed underneath the computer behind a plastic cover. It contains 512 KiB RAM configured by default as ' or 'trap-door RAM' and a battery-backed (RTC). However, the RAM is pseudo-fast RAM, only accessible by the processor, but still as slow as chip RAM.

The motherboard can be modified to relocate the trap-door RAM to the chip memory pool, provided a compatible chip is fitted on the motherboard. Notable uses [ ] • group recorded their premiere album using only an Amiga 500 and a. • group recorded their premiere album using only an Amiga 500 and no microphone. • artist also recorded music from 1989 to 1992 using an Amiga 500 (and occasionally Kawai K4 and/or Roland JD-800).

See also [ ]. • Official maximum is 9 MB, various third party extensions exist that increase the 1 MB chip RAM ('slow' RAM) maximum. • Gareth Knight.. Archived from on 2009-05-24. Retrieved 2013-07-24. • Gareth Knight (2002-10-21)..

Retrieved 2013-07-24. • • Gareth Knight.. Retrieved 2013-07-24. Retrieved 5 November 2013.

• Agnus was enhanced to control up to 1 MB and glue logic was integrated into to reduce costs. • Peck, Robert; Deyl, Susan; Miner, Jay; Raymond, Chris (September 1986). Amiga hardware reference manual.. • Peck, Robert; Deyl, Susan; Miner, Jay; Raymond, Chris (September 1986).

Amiga hardware reference manual.. Retrieved 2016-02-16. 070728 amigahardware.mariomisic.de • ^. 070808 ntrautanen.fi • read 2011-11-03 • ^ read 2011-11-03 • retrieved 2017-03-02 •. Retrieved December 15, 2009. 090501 ntrautanen.fi Source: Amiga Hardware Reference Manual Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

The Amiga was a family of personal computers released by Commodore in the 1980's and 1990's. Emulator Rom Folder Extension BIOS Controller Config amiga.adf kick13.rom, kick20.rom, kick31.rom Hardcoded amiga.zip.adf.dms.exe.adz.rp9 kick13.rom, kick20.rom, kick31.rom Hardcoded Emulators:, UAE4ALL2 is no longer developed and we recommend using UAE4ARM on the Raspberry Pi. ROMS Accepted File Extensions:.adf UAE4Arm also supports:.dms.exe.rp9 and compressed formats.zip.adz Place your Amiga disks images in. /home/pi/RetroPie/BIOS/ Controls These are hardcoded currently. This initial mapping was chosen as it's somewhat similar to MAME, and should mostly work on any controllers that use that input mapping (such as the picade).

Joypad/Joystick is currently untested. In game: lctrl - joy 1/mouse 1 (button X in gui) lalt - joy 2/mouse 2 (button Y in gui) lshift - joy 1 autofire (button A in gui) z - mouse 1 (button B in gui) 5 - switch input between mouse/joystick arrow keys - up / down / left / right F12 (UAE4ARM) and/or [CTRL]+[ESC] (UAE4ALL) - Open emulator menu Launch it from Emulation Station, and you get the GUI where you can configure disks/roms/memory and insert adf images into the virtual floppy disk drives.

Video Tutorial Tips and troubleshooting • Stuttering? Amiga systems/games are PAL (50Hz), but modern TVs typically default to a 60Hz mode when connected to a Raspberry Pi. Enter the RunCommand menu for your Amiga emulator, and select a valid mode that uses a 50Hz refresh rate in order to match the original PAL rate, and thus, eliminate stuttering. • Some games work better with the '512Kb Chip' + '512Kb Slow' memory configuration rather than the default A500 '1MB Chip'.

If your game crashes or fails to load, change the memory settings in the 'CPU RAM' tab of the UAE4ALL2 GUI. • Some games do not work properly if more than one floppy drive is in use.

If your game crashes or fails to load try to use just DF0 (change disc image during game if required) and not use DF1, DF2 and DF3. • For Raspberry Pi 1 users - make sure you overclock your device. Amiga emulation works much faster when overclocked to maximum. Without overclocking some games do not run at full speed. Launching games directly from EmulationStation Script for creating configuration files Here you will find a script, and the necessary configuration files according to different version of UAE4arm, for creating game configuration file: On EmulationStation, AMIGA, open '+Start UAE4Arm' and save a profile with random name then open the file and check the number in the parameter 'config_version'. Download the correct configuration file from previous link then rename it in 'config.uae' and copy it, together with 'AGCC.sh' (also download this from previous link), on Raspberry Pi.

AGCC.sh uses the 'config.uae' file in order to create games configuration and (if you want) you can edit it. For default behavior emulator is searching for kickstart 2.04 in /home/pi/RetroPie/roms/amiga/ renamed in 'kick20.rom', so you have to rename your kickstart or edit 'config.uae'. Also follow these steps: sudo nano /etc/emulationstation/es_systems.cfg and edit the tag for 'amiga' emulator in this way:.sh.uae.SH.UAE Then sudo nano /opt/retropie/configs/amiga/emulators.cfg and edit the line in this way: uae4arm = 'pushd /opt/retropie/emulators/uae4arm/;./uae4arm -f%ROM%' Point attention to the floppy image extension (case-insensitive):.adf,.adz,.dms,.ipf,.zip For game with multiple disks rename them in this way: Game bla bla bla (Disk 1 of N).adf Game bla bla bla (Disk 2 of N).adf. Game bla bla bla (Disk N of N).adf in other words change ONLY the floppy identifier. Note: The old script from Mark Dunning has a problem with games with more than 9 floppies (creates others wrong config files) and creates a config file with name like 'Game bla bla bla (Disk 1 of N).uae'. This new app create only 1 file for a multiple disk game with the exact name of the game, 'Game bla bla bla.uae' Other solution Alternatively, a native BASH script to perform the same steps directly on the RetroPie machine can be found here.