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Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.
• • • Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of as a means for information about human affairs and terrestrial events. Astrology has been dated to at least the, and has its roots in systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the,, and – developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations., one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th–17th century, from which it spread to,, the and eventually and.
Contemporary Western astrology is often associated with systems of that purport to explain aspects of a person's and predict significant events in their lives based on the positions of celestial objects; the majority of professional astrologers rely on such systems.: 83 Throughout most of its history astrology was considered a scholarly tradition and was common in academic circles, often in close relation with,,, and medicine. It was present in political circles, and is mentioned in various works of literature, from and to, and. During the 20th century and following the wide-scale adoption of the, astrology has been challenged successfully on both: 249; and grounds, and has been shown to have no validity. Astrology thus lost its academic and theoretical standing, and common belief in it has largely declined.
While polling studies have demonstrated that approximately 25% of Americans, Canadians, and Britons say they continue to believe that star and planet positions affect their lives, astrology is now recognized as. The Zodiac Man a diagram of a human body and astrological symbols with instructions explaining the importance of astrology from a medical perspective. From a 15th-century Welsh manuscript Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and the,, and developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. In the West, astrology most often consists of a system of purporting to explain aspects of a person's and predict future events in their life based on the positions of the sun, moon, and other celestial objects at the time of their birth. The majority of professional astrologers rely on such systems.: 83 Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium, with roots in systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.
A form of astrology was practised in the first dynasty of (1950–1651 BCE). Chinese astrology was elaborated in the (1046–256 BCE).
After 332 BCE mixed with Egyptian in, creating. Conquest of allowed astrology to spread to and. In Rome, astrology was associated with ' wisdom'. After the conquest of Alexandria in the 7th century, astrology was taken up by Islamic scholars, and Hellenistic texts were translated into Arabic and Persian.
In the 12th century, Arabic texts were imported to Europe and. Major astronomers including, and practised as court astrologers. Astrological references appear in literature in the works of poets such as and, and of playwrights such as and.
Throughout most of its history, astrology was considered a scholarly tradition. It was accepted in political and academic contexts, and was connected with other studies, such as,,, and medicine.
At the end of the 17th century, new scientific concepts in astronomy and physics (such as and ) called astrology into question. Astrology thus lost its academic and theoretical standing, and common belief in astrology has largely declined. Ancient world [ ]. See also: Astrology, in its broadest sense, is the search for meaning in the sky.: 2,3 Early evidence for humans making conscious attempts to measure, record, and predict seasonal changes by reference to astronomical cycles, appears as markings on bones and cave walls, which show that were being noted as early as 25,000 years ago.: 81ff This was a first step towards recording the Moon's influence upon tides and rivers, and towards organising a communal calendar. Farmers addressed agricultural needs with increasing knowledge of the that appear in the different seasons—and used the rising of particular star-groups to herald annual floods or seasonal activities.
By the 3rd millennium BCE, civilisations had sophisticated awareness of celestial cycles, and may have oriented temples in alignment with of the stars. Scattered evidence suggests that the oldest known astrological references are copies of texts made in the ancient world.
The thought to be compiled in around 1700 BCE. A scroll documenting an early use of is doubtfully ascribed to the reign of the ruler (c. 2144 – 2124 BCE). This describes how the gods revealed to him in a dream the constellations that would be most favourable for the planned construction of a temple. However, there is controversy about whether these were genuinely recorded at the time or merely ascribed to ancient rulers by posterity.
The oldest undisputed evidence of the use of astrology as an integrated system of knowledge is therefore attributed to the records of the first dynasty of (1950–1651 BCE). This astrology had some parallels with Greek (western) astrology, including the zodiac, a norming point near 9 degrees in Aries, the trine aspect, planetary exaltations, and the dodekatemoria (the twelve divisions of 30 degrees each). The Babylonians viewed celestial events as possible signs rather than as causes of physical events. The system of was elaborated during the (1046–256 BCE) and flourished during the (2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the five elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.: 3,4 Ancient objections [ ]. The Roman orator objected to astrology stated the twins objection (that with close birth times, personal outcomes can be very different), later developed.
He argued that since the other planets are much more distant from the earth than the moon, they could have only very tiny influence compared to the moon's. He also argued that if astrology explains everything about a person's fate, then it wrongly ignores the visible effect of inherited ability and parenting, changes in health worked by medicine, or the effects of the weather on people. Argued that since the fixed stars are much more distant than the planets, it is laughable to imagine the planets' effect on mankind should depend on their position with respect to the zodiac. He also argues that the interpretation of the moon's conjunction with a planet as good when the moon is full, but bad when the moon is waning, is clearly wrong, as from the moon's point of view, half of her surface is always in sunlight; and from the planet's point of view, waning should be better, as then the planet sees some light from the moon, but when the moon is full to us, it is dark, and therefore bad, on the side facing the planet. Argued that it was absurd to imagine that stars and planets would affect human bodies in the same way as they affect the tides, and equally absurd that small motions in the heavens cause large changes in people's fates.
Argued that it was absurd to link human attributes with myths about the signs of the zodiac. Argued that belief in fate denies and; that people born at different times can all die in the same accident or battle; and that contrary to uniform influences from the stars, tribes and cultures are all different. Hellenistic Egypt [ ].
1484 copy of first page of Tetrabiblos, translated into Latin by In 525 BCE, Egypt was conquered by the Persians. The 1st century BCE Egyptian shares two signs – the Balance and the Scorpion – with Mesopotamian astrology.
With the occupation by in 332 BCE, Egypt became. The city of was founded by Alexander after the conquest, becoming the place where was mixed with Egyptian to create. This contained the Babylonian zodiac with its system of planetary, the triplicities of the signs and the importance of eclipses. It used the Egyptian concept of dividing the zodiac into thirty-six decans of ten degrees each, with an emphasis on the rising decan, and the Greek system of planetary Gods, sign rulership and. 2nd century BCE texts predict positions of planets in zodiac signs at the time of the rising of certain decans, particularly Sothis.
The and astronomer lived in Alexandria. Ptolemy's work the formed the basis of Western astrology, and, '.enjoyed almost the authority of a Bible among the astrological writers of a thousand years or more.' Greece and Rome [ ] The conquest of by exposed the Greeks to ideas from, Babylon, Persia and central Asia. Around 280 BCE,, a priest of from Babylon, moved to the Greek island of, teaching astrology and Babylonian culture. By the 1st century BCE, there were two varieties of astrology, one using to describe the past, present and future; the other,, emphasising the ascent to the stars. Greek influence played a crucial role in the transmission of astrological theory to.
The first definite reference to astrology in Rome comes from the orator, who in 160 BCE warned farm overseers against consulting with Chaldeans, who were described as Babylonian 'star-gazers'. Among both Greeks and, Babylonia (also known as ) became so identified with astrology that 'Chaldean wisdom' became with using planets and stars. The 2nd-century Roman poet and satirist complains about the pervasive influence of Chaldeans, saying, 'Still more trusted are the Chaldaeans; every word uttered by the astrologer they will believe has come from fountain.' One of the first astrologers to bring astrology to Rome was, astrologer to the, the first emperor to have had a court astrologer, though his predecessor had used astrology to help legitimise his rights. Medieval world [ ] Hindu [ ] The main texts upon which classical Indian astrology is based are early medieval compilations, notably the, and by Kalyāṇavarma. The Horāshastra is a composite work of 71 chapters, of which the first part (chapters 1–51) dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries and the second part (chapters 52–71) to the later 8th century.
The Sārāvalī likewise dates to around 800 CE. English translations of these texts were published by N.N.
Krishna Rau and V.B. Choudhari in 1963 and 1961, respectively. Autocad Civil 3d 2012 64 Bit Serial Number. Translation of De Magnis Coniunctionibus ('Of the great '),, 1515 Astrology was taken up by Islamic scholars following the collapse of to the Arabs in the 7th century, and the founding of the in the 8th. The second Abbasid, (754–775) founded the city of to act as a centre of learning, and included in its design a library-translation centre known as Bayt al-Hikma 'House of Wisdom', which continued to receive development from his heirs and was to provide a major impetus for Arabic-Persian translations of Hellenistic astrological texts. The early translators included, who helped to elect the time for the foundation of Baghdad, and, ( a.k.a.
Zael), whose texts were directly influential upon later European astrologers such as in the 13th century, and in the 17th century. Knowledge of Arabic texts started to become imported into Europe during the. See also: The first astrological book published in Europe was the Liber Planetis et Mundi Climatibus ('Book of the Planets and Regions of the World'), which appeared between 1010 and 1027 AD, and may have been authored. Second century AD was translated into Latin by in 1138.
The theologian followed in proposing that the stars ruled the imperfect 'sublunary' body, while attempting to reconcile astrology with Christianity by stating that God ruled the soul. The thirteenth century mathematician is said to have devised a system of astrological houses that divides the into 'houses' of equal 30° arcs, though the system was used earlier in the East. The thirteenth century wrote a textbook, the Liber Astronomicus, a copy of which King owned at the end of the fifteenth century. In, the final part of the, the Italian poet referred 'in countless details' to the astrological planets, though he adapted traditional astrology to suit his Christian viewpoint, for example using astrological thinking in his prophecies of the reform of Christendom. Medieval objections [ ]. The medieval theologian criticised the predictive part of astrology In the seventh century, argued in his that astronomy described the movements of the heavens, while astrology had two parts: one was scientific, describing the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, while the other, making predictions, was theologically erroneous. In contrast, in the fourteenth century defined astrology as essentially limited to the making of predictions.
The influence of the stars was in turn divided into natural astrology, with for example effects on tides and the growth of plants, and judicial astrology, with supposedly predictable effects on people. The fourteenth century sceptic however included astronomy as a part of astrology in his Livre de divinacions. Oresme argued that current approaches to prediction of events such as plagues, wars, and weather were inappropriate, but that such prediction was a valid field of inquiry. However, he attacked the use of astrology to choose the timing of actions (so-called interrogation and election) as wholly false, and rejected the determination of human action by the stars on grounds of free will. The friar Laurens Pignon (c.
1368–1449) similarly rejected all forms of divination and determinism, including by the stars, in his 1411 Contre les Devineurs. This was in opposition to the tradition carried by the Arab astronomer (787-886) whose Introductorium in Astronomiam and De Magnis Coniunctionibus argued the view that both individual actions and larger scale history are determined by the stars. Renaissance and Early Modern [ ]. 'An Astrologer Casting a Horoscope' from Utriusque Cosmi Historia, 1617 scholars commonly practised astrology.
Cast the horoscope of king, while was the personal astrologer to queen. Paid in 1566 to verify the prediction of the death of her husband, king made by her astrologer Lucus Gauricus. Major astronomers who practised as court astrologers included in the royal court of Denmark, to the, to the, and who was burnt at the stake for heresy in Rome in 1600. The distinction between astrology and astronomy was not entirely clear. Advances in astronomy were often motivated by the desire to improve the accuracy of astrology. Free Download Lagu Ost Hunter X Hunter Suara Angin there.
With complex astrological calculations, and interpreting celestial events for use in medicine and for choosing times to plant crops, were popular in Elizabethan England. In 1597, the English and made a set of paper instruments that used revolving overlays to help students work out relationships between fixed stars or constellations, the midheaven, and the twelve. Hood's instruments also illustrated, for pedagogical purposes, the supposed relationships between the signs of the zodiac, the planets, and the parts of the human body adherents believed were governed by the planets and signs. While Hood's presentation was innovative, his astrological information was largely standard and was taken from astrological disc made in 1551, or a source used by Mercator. English astrology had reached its zenith by the 17th century.
Astrologers were theorists, researchers, and social engineers, as well as providing individual advice to everyone from monarchs downwards. Among other things, astrologers could advise on the best time to take a journey or harvest a crop, diagnose and prescribe for physical or mental illnesses, and predict natural disasters. This underpinned a system in which everything—people, the world, the universe—was understood to be interconnected, and astrology co-existed happily with, and. Enlightenment period and onwards [ ] During, intellectual sympathy for astrology fell away, leaving only a popular following supported by cheap almanacs. One English almanac compiler, Richard Saunders, followed the spirit of the age by printing a derisive Discourse on the Invalidity of Astrology, while in France Dictionnaire of 1697 stated that the subject was puerile.
The ridiculed the political astrologer. Astrology saw a popular revival starting in the 19th century, as part of a general revival of and—later, philosophy,: 239–249 and through the influence of mass media such as newspaper horoscopes.: 259–263 Early in the 20th century the psychiatrist developed some concepts concerning astrology, which led to the development of.: 251–256; Principles and practice [ ] Advocates have defined astrology as a symbolic language, an form, a, and a method of divination. Though most cultural astrology systems share common roots in ancient philosophies that influenced each other, many use methods that differ from those in the West. These include Hindu astrology (also known as 'Indian astrology' and in modern times referred to as 'Vedic astrology') and Chinese astrology, both of which have influenced the world's cultural history. For more details on this topic, see. Is a form of based on the construction of a for an exact moment, such as a person's birth.
It uses the tropical zodiac, which is aligned to the. Western astrology is founded on the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies such as the Sun, Moon and planets, which are analysed by their movement through of the (twelve spatial divisions of the ) and by their (based on geometric angles) relative to one another. They are also considered by their placement in (twelve spatial divisions of the sky). Astrology's modern representation in western popular media is usually reduced to, which considers only the zodiac sign of the Sun at an individual's date of birth, and represents only 1/12 of the total chart. The horoscope visually expresses the set of relationships for the time and place of the chosen event.
These relationships are between the seven 'planets', signifying tendencies such as war and love; the twelve signs of the zodiac; and the twelve houses. Each planet is in a particular sign and a particular house at the chosen time, when observed from the chosen place, creating two kinds of relationship. A third kind is the aspect of each planet to every other planet, where for example two planets 120° apart (in 'trine') are in a harmonious relationship, but two planets 90° apart ('square') are in a conflicted relationship. Together these relationships and their interpretations supposedly form '.the language of the heavens speaking to learned men.' Along with, astrology is one of the core studies of, and as such has influenced systems of belief not only among Western esotericists and, but also belief systems such as that have borrowed from or been influenced by the Western esoteric tradition. Has said that 'all magicians know something about astrology,' and refers to a in, organised by, as an example of the astrological lore studied by magicians.
Page from an Indian astrological treatise, c. 1750 The earliest text on astronomy is the; Vedic thought later came to include astrology as well. Hindu natal astrology originated with Hellenistic astrology by the 3rd century BCE,: 361 though incorporating the Hindu lunar mansions.
The names of the signs (e.g. Greek 'Krios' for Aries, Hindi 'Kriya'), the planets (e.g. Greek 'Helios' for Sun, astrological Hindi 'Heli'), and astrological terms (e.g. Greek 'apoklima' and 'sunaphe' for declination and planetary conjunction, Hindi 'apoklima' and 'sunapha' respectively) in Varaha Mihira's texts are considered conclusive evidence of a Greek origin for Hindu astrology. The Indian techniques may also have been augmented with some of the Babylonian techniques.: 231 Chinese and East-Asian [ ].
See also:,, and Ancient [ ] (354–430) believed that the determinism of astrology conflicted with the Christian doctrines of man's free will and responsibility, and God not being the cause of evil, but he also grounded his opposition philosophically, citing the failure of astrology to explain twins who behave differently although conceived at the same moment and born at approximately the same time. Medieval [ ] Some of the practices of astrology were contested on theological grounds by medieval Muslim astronomers such as (Alpharabius), (Alhazen) and. They said that the methods of astrologers conflicted with orthodox religious views of, by suggesting that the Will of God can be known and predicted in advance.
For example, Avicenna's 'Refutation against astrology', Risāla fī ibṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm, argues against the practice of astrology while supporting the principle that planets may act as agents of divine causation. Avicenna considered that the movement of the planets influenced life on earth in a deterministic way, but argued against the possibility of determining the exact influence of the stars.
Essentially, Avicenna did not deny the core dogma of astrology, but denied our ability to understand it to the extent that precise and fatalistic predictions could be made from it. (1292–1350), in his Miftah Dar al-SaCadah, also used arguments in astronomy to question the practice of judicial astrology. He recognised that the are much larger than the, and argued: And if you astrologers answer that it is precisely because of this distance and smallness that their influences are negligible, then why is it that you claim a great influence for the smallest heavenly body, Mercury? Why is it that you have given an influence to al-Ra's and, which are two imaginary points [ascending and descending nodes]?
— Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya Modern [ ] The maintains that divination, including predictive astrology, is incompatible with modern beliefs such as free will: All forms of divination are to be rejected: recourse to Satan or demons, conjuring up the dead or other practices falsely supposed to 'unveil' the future. Consulting horoscopes, astrology, palm reading, interpretation of omens and lots, the phenomena of clairvoyance, and recourse to mediums all conceal a desire for power over time, history, and, in the last analysis, other human beings, as well as a wish to conciliate hidden powers. They contradict the honor, respect, and loving fear that we owe to God alone. James: 34 Effectiveness [ ] Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in and has no scientific validity.: 85; Where it has made predictions under, they have been falsified.: 424 One famous experiment included 28 astrologers who were asked to match over a hundred natal charts to psychological profiles generated by the (CPI) questionnaire. The experimental protocol used in this study was agreed upon by a group of physicists and a group of astrologers nominated by the, who advised the experimenters, helped ensure that the test was fair: 420;: 117 and helped draw the central proposition of to be tested.: 419 They also chose 26 out of the 28 astrologers for the tests (two more volunteered afterwards).: 420 The study, published in in 1985, found that predictions based on natal astrology were no better than chance, and that the testing '.clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis.'
In 1955, the astrologer and psychologist Michel Gauquelin stated that though he had failed to find evidence that supported indicators like and in astrology, he did find positive correlations between the of some and success in professions that astrology traditionally associates with those planets. The best-known of Gauquelin's findings is based on the positions of Mars in the of successful athletes and became known as the.: 213 A study conducted by seven French scientists attempted to replicate the claim, but found no statistical evidence.: 213–214 They attributed the effect to selective bias on Gauquelin's part, accusing him of attempting to persuade them to add or delete names from their study. Geoffrey Dean has suggested that the effect may be caused by self-reporting of birth dates by parents rather than any issue with the study by Gauquelin. The suggestion is that a small subset of the parents may have had changed birth times to be consistent with better astrological charts for a related profession. The number of births under astrologically undesirable conditions was also lower, indicating that parents choose dates and times to suit their beliefs. The sample group was taken from a time where belief in astrology was more common. Gauquelin had failed to find the Mars effect in more recent populations, where a nurse or doctor recorded the birth information.: 116 Dean, a scientist and former astrologer, and psychologist Ivan Kelly conducted a large scale scientific test that involved more than one hundred,,, and other variables—but found no support for astrology.
Furthermore, a pooled 40 studies that involved 700 astrologers and over 1,000 birth charts. Ten of the tests—which involved 300 participants—had the astrologers pick the correct chart interpretation out of a number of others that were not the astrologically correct chart interpretation (usually three to five others). Uranus, performed by Problems playing these files? Western politics and society [ ] In the West, political leaders have sometimes consulted astrologers. For example, the British intelligence agency employed as an astrologer after claims surfaced that used astrology to time his actions. The War Office was '.interested to know what Hitler's own astrologers would be telling him from week to week.' In fact, de Wohl's predictions were so inaccurate that he was soon labelled a 'complete charlatan,' and later evidence showed that Hitler considered astrology 'complete nonsense.'
After of US President, first lady commissioned astrologer to act as the secret White House astrologer. However, Quigley's role ended in 1988 when it became public through the memoirs of former chief of staff,. There was a boom in interest in astrology in the late 1960s. The sociologist described three levels of involvement of 'Astrology-believers' to account for its revived popularity in the face of scientific discrediting. He found that most astrology-believers did not claim it was a scientific explanation with predictive power.
Instead, those superficially involved, knowing 'next to nothing' about astrology's 'mechanics', read newspaper astrology columns, and could benefit from 'tension-management of anxieties' and 'a cognitive belief-system that transcends science.' Those at the second level usually had their horoscopes cast and sought advice and predictions. They were much younger than those at the first level, and could benefit from knowledge of the language of astrology and the resulting ability to belong to a coherent and exclusive group. Those at the third level were highly involved and usually cast horoscopes for themselves.
Astrology provided this small minority of astrology-believers with a ' meaningful view of their universe and [gave] them an understanding of their place in it.' This third group took astrology seriously, possibly as a sacred canopy, whereas the other two groups took it playfully and irreverently. Birth (in blue) and death (in red) rates of Japan since 1950, with the sudden drop in births during hinoeuma year (1966) In India, there is a long-established and widespread belief in astrology. It is commonly used for daily life, particularly in matters concerning marriage and career, and makes extensive use of, and.
Indian politics have also been influenced by astrology. It is still considered a branch of the. In 2001, Indian scientists and politicians debated and critiqued a proposal to use state money to fund research into astrology, resulting in permission for to offer courses in Vedic astrology. On February 2011, the reaffirmed astrology's standing in India when it dismissed a case that challenged its status as a science. In, strong belief in astrology has led to dramatic changes in the fertility rate and the number of abortions in the years of Fire Horse. Adherents believe that women born in hinoeuma years are unmarriageable and bring bad luck to their father or husband. In 1966, the number of babies born in Japan dropped by over 25% as parents tried to avoid the stigma of having a daughter born in the hinoeuma year.
Literature and music [ ]. Title page of astrological play, The Woman in the Moon, 1597 The fourteenth-century English poets and both referred to astrology in their works, including Gower's and Chaucer's.
Chaucer commented explicitly on astrology in his Treatise on the Astrolabe, demonstrating personal knowledge of one area, judicial astrology, with an account of how to find the ascendant or rising sign. In the fifteenth century, references to astrology, such as with, became 'a matter of course' in English literature. In the sixteenth century, John Lyly's 1597 play, The Woman in the Moon, is wholly motivated by astrology, while makes astrological references in his plays and (both c. 1590), and refers to astrology at least four times in his (c. Uses astrology both decoratively and causally in his poetry, revealing '.unmistakably an abiding interest in the art, an interest shared by a large number of his contemporaries.' Play, (1608), similarly uses astrology as a causal mechanism in the drama. Attitude towards astrology is unclear, with contradictory references in plays including,, and.
Shakespeare was familiar with astrology and made use of his knowledge of astrology in nearly every play he wrote, assuming a basic familiarity with the subject in his commercial audience. Outside theatre, the physician and mystic practised astrology, as did the quack doctor Simon Forman.
In Elizabethan England, 'The usual feeling about astrology. [was] that it is the most useful of the sciences.' Title page of Astrologo Fingido, Madrid, 1641 In seventeenth century Spain,, with a detailed knowledge of astronomy, wrote plays that ridicule astrology. In his pastoral romance La Arcadia (1598), it leads to absurdity; in his novela Guzman el Bravo (1624), he concludes that the stars were made for man, not man for the stars. Wrote the 1641 comedy Astrologo Fingido (The Pretended Astrologer); the plot was borrowed by the French playwright for his 1651 comedy Feint Astrologue. The most famous piece of music influenced by astrology is the orchestral suite. Written by the British composer (1874–1934), and first performed in 1918, the framework of The Planets is based upon the astrological symbolism of the planets.
Each of the seven movements of the suite is based upon a different planet, though the movements are not in the order of the planets from the Sun. The composer wrote an eighth movement entitled Pluto, the Renewer, first performed in 2000. In 1937, another British composer,, wrote a ballet on astrological themes, called.
In 1974, the New Zealand composer wrote The Twelve Signs: An Astrological Entertainment for orchestra without strings. Acknowledges astrology as an influence on her work of literary criticism (1990). Astrology features strongly in, recipient of the. See also [ ].
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