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Title: Construction Project Management: Planning, Scheduling And Control. Publisher: TATA McGRAW HILL PUBLISHING CO LTD. Author: Chitkara Kk. Edition: Hardbound. Language: English. Publish Date: 2009. Binding: Hardbound. Panjab University - Wikipedia. Panjab University is a publiccollegiateuniversity located in Chandigarh, India. It originated in 1. The university has 7. Punjab state and union- territory of Chandigarh, with Regional Centres at Muktsar, Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur cities in Punjab state.

This article possibly contains. Please by the claims made and adding. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2016) () () Himachal Pradesh हिमाचल Seal Location in India State map Coordinates ():: State Statehood 25 January 1971 Capitals (Second Capital in Winter) Government • • Justice (Acting) • • () • 4 Area • Total 55,673 km 2 (21,495 sq mi) Area rank Population (2011) • Total 6,864,602 • Rank • Density 123/km 2 (320/sq mi) Language • Official • Additional official () 0.6701 ( medium) HDI rank 3rd (2015) 82.80% Website It was elevated to the status of state by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 Himachal Pradesh ( ( ); literally 'Abode of Snow') is a located in. It was carved out of former East Punjab like Haryana, Delhi and Punjab.

It is bordered by on the north, and on the west, on the southwest, on the southeast, and the on the east. At its southernmost point, it also touches the state of. The name was coined from the — Him means 'snow' and achal means 'land' or 'abode'—by Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the state's eminent scholars. Himachal Pradesh is known for its natural environment, hill stations, and temples.

Himachal Pradesh had one of the highest per-capita incomes among for the year 2014-15. Many perennial rivers flow in the state. Numerous plants produce surplus hydroelectricity that is sold to other states, such as, Punjab, and. Tourism and agriculture are additional important parts of the state's economy.

The state has several valleys. About 90% of the population lives in rural areas. Practically all houses have a toilet and 100% hygiene has been achieved in the state. The villages have good connectivity with roads, public health centres, and high-speed broadband.

Has the largest urban population in the state at 25%. Notable government actions include a ban on bags and tobacco products. A 2017 survey by an international organization ranked Himachal Pradesh India's least corrupt state. Main article: The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates to the that flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.

Tribes such as the Koili, Hali, Dagi, Dhaugri, Dasa, Khasa, Kinnar, and inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the, several small republics known as Janapada existed which were later conquered by the.

After a brief period of supremacy by King, the region was divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by a number of times. Conquered at the beginning of the 10th century. And also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles.

Several hill states acknowledged suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals. Siege of Kangda led by Nepali commander Bada Kaji The conquered many kingdoms and came to power in in 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the annexed and.

Under the leadership of, the Nepali army laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, the Nepali army could not capture Kangra fort which came under in 1809. After the defeat, they began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State, captured the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the.

They came into direct conflict with the British along the belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power in the region. In the revolt of 1857, or first, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of,, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

Rock Cut Temple, Masroor The British territories came under the British Crown after 's proclamation of 1858. The states of, and Bilaspur made good progress in many fields during the British rule. During, virtually all rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort, both in the form of men and materials. Among these were the states of, Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler,,, Chamba, Suket, Mandi, and Bilaspur. After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh. Was organized on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudal princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western. These were known as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states under the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O.

The State of Bilaspur was merged into Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1951 with the implementation of the and the Lieutenant Governor was appointed. The Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952.

Himachal Pradesh became a on 1 November 1956. Some areas of Punjab State—namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of, besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of —were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment by Parliament of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament, and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971.

Himachal became the 18th state of the Indian Union with as its first chief minister. Geography and climate [ ]. Triund in September Himachal is in the western.

Covering an area of 55,673 square kilometres (21,495 sq mi), it is a mountainous state. Most of the state lies on the foothills of the Range. At 7,025 m is the highest mountain peak in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The system of Himachal is composed both of rivers and. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the and. The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the, the, the, the, and the.

These rivers are and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation. Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal. The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state's winter capital, receives very heavy rainfall, while areas like are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season.

Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e.

In the higher and trans-Himalayan region). Media in Himachal Flora and fauna [ ]. Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus). Solan (Himachal Pradesh). 28-July-2013 According to 2003 report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh. Vegetation in the state is dictated by elevation and.

The state endows with a high diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants. Lahaul-Spiti region of the state, being a cold desert, supports unique plants of medicinal value including,,, and bracteata. Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country, with orchards being widespread. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes.

After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bloom with wild flowers, while gladiolas,,,,, and are carefully cultivated. The state government is gearing up to make Himachal Pradesh as the flower basket of the world. [ ] Himachal Pradesh Horticultural Produce Marketing and Processing Corporation Ltd. (HPMC) is a state body that markets fresh and processed fruits.

Himachal Pradesh has around 463 bird 77 mammalian, 44 reptile and 80 fish species., a and are the located in the state. The state also has 30 and 3 conservation reserves. Government [ ]. Town Hall in Shimla The has no pre-Constitution history. The State itself is a post-Independence creation. It came into being as a centrally administered territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.

Himachal Pradesh is governed through a of, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Is granted to residents.

The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The is composed of the and a system of lower courts. Is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the, although the titular head of government is the. The Governor is the appointed by the.

The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is with 68 (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in. The next state assembly elections are due in December 2017, with results on 18 December, 2017.

Administrative divisions [ ]. Main article: The state of Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts which are grouped into three divisions,, and.

The districts are further divided into 69 subdivisions, 78 blocks and 145 Tehsils. Divisions Districts Kangra,, Mandi,,,, Shimla,,, Administrative Structure Divisions 3 Districts 12 Sub-Divisions 62 Blocks 78 Tehsils 145 Urban Local Bodies 49 Towns 59 Gram Panchayats 3226 Villages 20690 Police Stations 127 Lok Sabha Seats 4 Rajya Sabha Seats 3 Assembly Constituencies 68.

The capital of Himachal Pradesh. Shimla Montage - Clockwise from top: Skyline at Shimla Southern Side, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies formerly(Viceregal Lodge, Rashtrapati Niwas), Town hall, Night view of Shimla and Christ Church. Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices figures in crores of Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 794 1985 1,372 1990 2,815 1995 6,698 2000 13,590 2005 23,024 2007 25,435 2010 57,452 2013 82,585 2016 110,511 The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started in 1948 along with the rest of India. The first allocated ₹52.7 million to Himachal.

More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in faraway areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in per capita income among the states of the. Contributes about 9.4% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal.

About 90% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture, which provides direct employment to 62% of total workers of state. The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and. [ ] Apple is the principal cash crop of the state grown principally in the districts of Shimla, Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Chamba and some parts of Sirmaur and Lahaul-Spiti with an average annual production of 5 tonnes and per hectare production of 8 to 10 tonnes. The apple cultivation constitute 49 per cent of the total area under fruit crops and 85% of total fruit production in the state with an estimated economy of ₹3500. Apples from Himachal are exported to other and even other countries. In 2011-12, the total area under apple cultivation was 1.04 hectares, increased from 90,347 hectares in 2000-01. Hydropower is also one of the major sources of income generation for the state.

The identified Hydroelectric Potential for the state is 27,436 MW in five river basins and annual hydroelectricity production is 8,418 MW. The total GDP was estimated at ₹ 254 billion as against ₹ 230 billion in the year 2004–05, showing an increase of 10.5%.

Agriculture [ ]. Himalayas from Land husbandry initiatives such as the, which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the world's largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have improved agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes. Heritage [ ] Himachal has a rich heritage of. These include woolen and shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities.

But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country. Kalpa in June 2015. Tourism in Himachal Pradesh is a major contributor to the state's economy and growth.

The mountainous state with its landscapes attracts tourists from all over the world. Hill stations like,,,, and are popular destinations for both domestic and foreign tourists. The state has many important centres with prominent temples like,,,, Chamunda Devi Temple,,,, Manu Temple at Shenshar in Kullu district, and. The state is also referred to as 'Dev Bhoomi' (literally meaning Abode of Gods) due to its mention in ancient holy texts and occurrence of large number of historical temples in the state. Triund is a campsite for travellers and trekkers on the way to Indrahar Pass, Dhauladhar Mountain Range. It is also called the Land of the Gods on account of the Hindu belief that deities like Lord Shiva considered the Himalayas their home, and much of the state is located among the Himalayan mountains. Although modern pop-literature writers online have often also referred to Uttarakhand as the land of the gods because it also contains Himalayan mountains, officially it is Himachal Pradesh that has been considered the land of the gods since before the state of Uttarakhand existed (UK as it is abbreviated on license plates for automobiles in the state, and the state was founded in the year 2000.).

A tourism department board on the road when entering Himachal Pradesh from the state of Punjab states 'Welcome to the Land of the Gods.' The state is also known for its adventure tourism activities like in Shimla, in Bir-billing and Solang valley, in Kullu, in Manali boating in Bilaspur and, horse riding and in different parts in the state. Spiti Valley in Lahaul & Spiti District situated at an altitude of over 3000 metres with its picturesque landscapes is an important destination for adventure seekers. The region also has some of the oldest Buddhist Monasteries in Asia. The state is also a destination for film shooting.

Movies like,,,, and have been filmed in Himachal Pradesh. Himachal hosted the first in India from 24 October to 31 October in 2015.

Venue for paragliding world cup was Bir Billing, which is 70 km from the tourist town Macleod ganj, located in the heart of Himachal in Kangra District. Bir Billing is the centre for aero sports in Himachal and considered as best for paragliding. Buddhist monasteries, trekking to tribal villages, mountain biking are other activities to do here.

Transportation [ ]. Air transport Himachal has three domestic airports in Kangra, Kullu and Shimla districts. The air routes connect the state with and. • is in district, around 10 kilometres (6 mi) from district headquarters.

• is in Kangra district, around 15 kilometres (9 mi) from district headquarters at, which is around 10 kilometres from • is around 21 kilometres (13 mi) west of the city. Railway transport Himachal is known for its. One is the, a UNESCO, and another is the. The total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). The Kalka-Shimla Railway passes through many tunnels, while the Pathankot–Jogindernagar meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has broad-gauge railway track, which connects Amb ( district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun).

Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh. Road transport Roads are the major mode of transport in the hilly terrains.

The state has road network of 28,208 kilometres (17,528 mi), including eight (NH) that constitute 1,234 kilometres (767 mi) and 19 with a total length of 1,625 kilometres (1,010 mi). Some roads get closed during winter and seasons due to snow and. Has the highest road density in the country.

Demographics [ ] Population [ ]. — 1981 42.48 32.9% 1991 63.86 50.3% 2001 76.48 19.8% 2011 82.80 8.3% Source: Himachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,864,602 including 3,481,873 males and 3,382,729 females as per the final results of the Census of India 2011. This is only 0.57 per cent of India's total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent. The total fertility rate (TFR) per woman is 1.8, one of lowest in India.

In the census, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by at 22nd place. Was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), 999,518 (14.58%), 813,384 (11.86%), 576,670 (8.41%), 530,164 (7.73%), 521,057 (7.60%), 518,844 (7.57%), 454,293 (6.63%), 437,474 (6.38%), 382,056 (5.57%), 84,298 (1.23%) and 31,528 (0.46%). The at birth in Himachal Pradesh is 62.8 years (higher than the national average of 57.7 years) for 1986–1990. The stood at 40 in 2010, and the crude has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 16.9 in 2010, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude was 6.9 in 2010.

Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate almost doubled between 1981 and 2011 (see table to right). Languages [ ] While is the official language of Himachal Pradesh and is spoken by the majority of the population as a, the, and is used in everyday conversation. Is given the status of an additional official language. Religion [ ]. Other or none (0.2%) Hinduism is the main religion in Himachal Pradesh.

More than 95% of the total population belongs to the Hindu faith, the distribution of which is evenly spread throughout the state. Himachal Pradesh thus has the one of the highest proportions of Hindu population in India. Other religions that form a small percentage are, and. Are mainly concentrated in,, and districts where they form 2.53-6.27% of the population. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population.

The, who constitute 1.15%, are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form a majority of 62%, and, where they form 21.5%. Nako Village Himachal Pradesh was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements, the state has changed very rapidly. Himachal Pradesh is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages are,,, and,. The communities residing in Himachal include the,, (Kaisthas), Kannets, Rathis and. There are also tribal population in the state which mainly comprise,,, Pangawals and Lahaulis.

Himachal is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, Kangra paintings, Chamba rumals, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawl is one of the products which is highly in demand not only in Himachal but all over the country. Himachali caps are also well-known art work of the people.

Devil May Cry 5 Download Full Rip Music Download. [ ] Local music and dance reflects the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, they entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions. Apart from the fairs and festivals that are celebrated all over India, there are number of other fairs and festivals, including the temple fairs in nearly every region that are of great significance to Himachal Pradesh. The day to day food of Himachalis is very similar to the rest of the north India. They too have,,, and. As compared to other states in north India non-vegetarian cuisine is more preferred. Some of the specialities of Himachal include Mhanee, Madhra, Pateer,, Bhagjery and chutney of Til., the state's summer capital, is home to Asia's only natural rink.

Notable people [ ]. Kalachakra Temple in the main street of Mcleod ganj •, actor •, economist and former vice-president of •, singer •, independent filmmaker • •, television actress •, American actress •, Bollywood actress •, •, president of Afghanistan who studied here •, professional wrestler •, Bollywood actor • Naib Subedar, PVC ( 3 March 1976) is an Indian Army soldier, a Junior Commissioned Officer and recipient of the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award. Indian Institute of Advanced Study at Shimla District is among the top districts in the country for literacy. Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state. The standard of education in the state has reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies. The,, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the,, the, Arni University, Kathgarh,, the Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan), the, IEC University, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan,, the Waknaghat,, Sirmaur & Solan are some of the universities in the state.

Is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run started in 2006. Himachal Pradesh also hosts a campus of the prestigious fashion college, National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) in Kangra. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal. The state government has decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.

In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has become the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child. The state has Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti. Besides that there is Himachal Dental College which is the state's first recognised dental institute. State profile [ ].

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